Blog posts tagged with 'silver'

Gold and silver remain well contained within their ranges, awaiting fresh inputs

OUTSIDE MARKET DEVELOPMENTS: Copper is back pressuring record highs after President Trump clarified that 50% tariffs will take effect on Aug 1. While consistency and clarity have not been hallmarks of the Administration's trade policy, U.S. companies will likely accelerate stockpiling over the next several weeks.

Hoarding, associated with tariff front-running, has been driving up the price of copper ever since President Trump first launched an investigation into copper imports early in his term. At the first mention of 50% tariffs early this week, copper surged to record highs near $6.

Trump threatened Brazil with tariffs of 50%, even though the U.S. has carried a trade surplus with the country. President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva has said that he will retaliate with reciprocal 50% tariffs. 

Trump has a beef with President Lula, after former President Jair Bolsonaro, a Trump ally, was charged with an attempted coup. "This is nothing more, or less, than an attack on a Political Opponent — Something I know much about!," wrote Trump on TruthSocial.

Despite Trump dialing up the pressure on trading partners that have not yet struck deals, the trade remains tilted toward risk-on. The resilience of the U.S. economy, expectations that the Fed will resume easing later in the year, optimism that trade deals will be worked out, and hopes for a Gaza ceasefire are all underpinnning risk appetite.

The minutes from the June FOMC meeting came out yesterday afternoon, and as expected, they didn't provide any new insights. The Fed remains on hold amid trade policy uncertainties and generally balanced price and growth risks.

Initial Jobless Claims fell 5k to 227k in the week ended 5-Jul, below expectations of 234k, versus a revised 232k in the previous week (was 233k). Continuing claims rose 10k to 1,965k in the 28-Jun week, versus 1,955k in the previous week.   

GOLD

OVERNIGHT CHANGE THROUGH 6:00 AM CT: +$12.77 (+0.39%)
5-Day Change: -$6.44 (-0.18%)
YTD Range: $2,607.16 - $3,495.89
52-Week Range: $2,352.28 - $3,495.89
Weighted Alpha: +37.06

Gold is trading modestly higher for a second straight session, even as the dollar index edged to a two-week high. The yellow metal continues to straddle the midpoint of the range at $3,311.51, awaiting fresh impetus.

 

The dollar index rebounded from yesterday's intraday losses, notching a seventh consecutive higher close, and seems to be on track for an eighth. However, the DX is less than 1.5% above the more than three-year low set last week. Recent dollar gains appear to be corrective.

The dearth of U.S. economic data this week has the trade looking ahead to next week's inflation and retail sales reports. CPI is out on Tuesday (+0.3% expected), PPI on Wednesday (+0.2% expected), and retail sales on Thursday (+0.1% expected).

While gold remains entrenched in its range, the chart pattern that has developed over the past couple of months appears to be a continuation pattern. This favors an eventual upside breakout and resumption of the dominant uptrend.

A breach of Tuesday's high at $3,344.27 would clear the way for probes back above $3,400. More substantial resistance marked by the 16-Jun high at $3,449.14 must be exceeded to put the record high at $3,500 back in play.

Yesterday's low at $3,284.61 protects the more important 30-Jun low at $3,256.02. The 100-day moving average has risen to the $3,200 zone, which should keep the range low at $3,127.12 (15-May) at bay.


SILVER

OVERNIGHT CHANGE THROUGH 6:00 AM CT: +$0.362 (+0.99%)
5-Day Change: -$0.186 (-0.50%)
YTD Range: $28.565 - $37.288
52-Week Range: $26.524 - $37.288
Weighted Alpha: +23.91

Silver is recovering somewhat from three days of losses, after failing to sustain Monday's probe back above $37. The white metal is being helped by a second day of gains in gold and ongoing strength in copper.



Market focus remains on trade developments, and copper has become an increasingly significant piece of that puzzle. As silver has migrated in recent decades from a monetary metal to an industrial metal, it has become less correlated with gold and arguably more correlated with copper.

The gold/silver ratio has traded above 100 in recent years, rising from a historic average of 15, to a 100-year average of 40, to a 25-year average of 68. The copper/silver ratio has been in a fairly stable 0.3/0.1 range throughout much of history, but more recently has been confined to the lower half of that range.

Tuesday's high at $36.864 has been slightly penetrated, and a more convincing breach would bode well for further probes above $37. The more substantial  $37.198/288 zone must be negated to bolster confidence in previously established upside objectives at $38.750 (Fibonacci) and $40 (psychological).

On the downside, the 20-day moving average ($36.453) has provided decent support over the past week and should help keep Monday's low at $36.201 at bay. More substantial support at $35.369 (24-Jun low) is considered well protected at this point.


Peter A. Grant
Vice President, Senior Metals Strategist
Zaner Metals LLC
312-549-9986 Direct/Text
[email protected]
www.zanermetals.com

Non-Reliance and Risk Disclosure: The opinions expressed here are for general information purposes only and should not be construed as trade recommendations, nor a solicitation of an offer to buy or sell any precious metals product. The material presented is based on information that we consider reliable, but we do not represent that it is accurate, complete, and/or up-to-date, and it should not be relied on as such. Opinions expressed are current as of the time of posting and only represent the views of the author and not those of Zaner Metals LLC unless otherwise expressly noted.

Gold and silver remain range-bound, with focus still on tariff developments

OUTSIDE MARKET DEVELOPMENTS: Markets remain focused on tariff developments. The previously announced 90-day pause in tariffs was set to expire today, but President Trump pushed the trade deal deadline back to August 1.

Notices were sent to numerous countries warning that reciprocal tariffs would take effect on August 1, and the President vowed that the deadline would not be extended. Nonetheless, some degree of optimism remains that deals will be struck with major trading partners.

Trump shocked the market late on Tuesday when he said. “I believe the tariff on copper we’re going to make it 50%.” Spot copper surged to a record high of $5.870. Front-month copper futures reached a record high of $5.9535, and the spread between London and New York futures widened to 26%.

President Trump signed an executive order in February that launched an investigation into copper imports, noting that "The United States faces significant vulnerabilities in the copper supply chain, with increasing reliance on foreign sources for mined, smelted, and refined copper."

It's prudent for the U.S. to take strides to boost mining, smelting, and refining capacity to shorten and harden the copper supply chain. However, this is a long-term proposition.

The price of copper is up nearly 40% year-to-date, with significant implications for the construction, power generation/transmission, auto, aircraft, and defense sectors. It strikes me that the threat of a 50% tariff on copper could be another negotiating ploy.

Russia launched another record drone attack against Ukraine, although Ukraine said most were shot down. The attack came hours after President Trump announced the U.S. would be sending more defensive weapons to Ukraine. This is likely a significant setback to ceasefire negotiations.

Hopes for a ceasefire and hostage release deal between Israel and Hamas remain elevated. "I think we're getting closer to a deal," said President Trump after meetings with Israeli PM Netanyahu.

The minutes from the June FOMC meeting come out today. I don't expect any great revelations as the central bank remains on hold amid tariff uncertainty. The doves are already on the ropes after better-than-expected June jobs data.

Today's $39 bln 10-year reopening was well received, thanks largely to the direct bid. The indirect bid, a reflection of foreign interest, was moderate. Nonetheless, bids totaled $101.8 bln for a solid 2.61 cover, and a high yield of 4.362%.

MBA Mortgage Applications rose 9.4% in the week ended 4-Jul, versus +2.7% in the previous week. The 30-year mortgage rate fell to a 13-week low of 6.77%, versus 6.79% in the previous week.

Wholesale Sales declined 0.3% in May, versus a revised unch in April (was +0.1%). Inventories fell 0.3% on expectations of +0.2%, versus +0.2% in April.


GOLD

OVERNIGHT CHANGE THROUGH 6:00 AM CT: -$5.37 (-0.16%)
5-Day Change: -$50.96 (-1.52%)
YTD Range: $2,607.16 - $3,495.89
52-Week Range: $2,354.48 - $3,495.89
Weighted Alpha: +36.28

Gold set a new low for the week at $3,284.61, but remains confined to last week's range and right around the midpoint ($3,311.51) of the broader range that has been in place since mid-May. In the absence of significant U.S. data this week, the yellow metal is consolidating as it awaits fresh impetus.



Good interest in today's 10-year auction saw yields moderate somewhat, providing an intraday bid for the yellow metal. The dollar index eased slightly after six straight sessions of gains.

Price action since May still appears to be a large continuation pattern, favoring an eventual upside breakout and resumption of the dominant uptrend. Bank of America sees gold reaching $4,000 over the next year, driven largely by U.S. fiscal worries.

Passage of President Trump's signature 1BBB is expected to add trillions to the already bloated national debt over the next decade, further eroding confidence in Treasuries and the dollar. This ongoing trend has already increased the appeal of gold as a safe-haven asset.

A sustained move above the midpoint of the range at $3,311.51 would return focus to yesterday's high at $3,344.27. Penetration of the latter would clear the way for probes back above $3,400. More substantial resistance marked by the 16-Jun high at $3,449.14 must be cleared to put the record high at $3,500 back in play.

Today's early U.S. low at $3,284.61 now provides a good intervening barrier, protecting the more important 30-Jun low at $3,256.02. The 100-day moving average has risen to the $3,200 zone, which should keep the $3,127.12 range low (15-May) at bay.


SILVER

OVERNIGHT CHANGE THROUGH 6:00 AM CT: -$0.138 (-0.38%)
5-Day Change: -$0.154 (-0.42%)
YTD Range: $28.565 - $37.288
52-Week Range: $26.524 - $37.288
Weighted Alpha: +22.70

Silver remains defensive within the range established on Monday, but gold's turn higher on the day, a slightly easier dollar, and yesterday's record highs in copper provide some underpinning. The 20-day moving average has provided support so far this week.



While silver is underperforming today, this week's move in the gold/silver ratio below 90 constituted the first breach of the 50-day MA since December. That suggests potential in the ratio to the 85 zone.

As long as Monday's low at $36.201 is intact, I think the downside is well protected. This level also corresponds closely with the midpoint of the $37.288/$35.369 range.

Today's Asian high $36.757 and yesterday's high at $36.864 now protect the $37 level. The more substantial  $37.198/288 zone must be cleared to set new cycle highs and bolster confidence in previously established upside objectives at $38.750 (Fibonacci) and $40 (psychological).


Peter A. Grant
Vice President, Senior Metals Strategist
Zaner Metals LLC
312-549-9986 Direct/Text
[email protected]
www.zanermetals.com

Non-Reliance and Risk Disclosure: The opinions expressed here are for general information purposes only and should not be construed as trade recommendations, nor a solicitation of an offer to buy or sell any precious metals product. The material presented is based on information that we consider reliable, but we do not represent that it is accurate, complete, and/or up-to-date, and it should not be relied on as such. Opinions expressed are current as of the time of posting and only represent the views of the author and not those of Zaner Metals LLC unless otherwise expressly noted.

Gold eases on trade and ceasefire optimism, firmer dollar

OUTSIDE MARKET DEVELOPMENTS: Israeli PM Netanyahu met on Monday with President Trump, stoking optimism about a ceasefire in Gaza. Both Israel and Hamas have reportedly accepted a US-sponsored framework that begins with a 60-day ceasefire, but progress toward a permanent end to the fighting remains elusive.

As long as the two combatants are talking in Qatar, there is reason for hope. “I don’t think that I can give any timeline at the moment, but I can say right now that we will need time for this,” said Qatar’s foreign ministry spokesperson.

With the July 9 tariff deadline looming, the White House has ramped up pressure on trading partners that have not yet struck deals, but also provided additional time for negotiation. President Trump sent letters to at least 14 countries on Monday, including Japan and South Korea, notifying them that tariffs will take effect on August 1.

More letters are expected to go out this week. And Trump has vowed that there will be no extensions beyond August 1. We'll see...

The EU is rushing to make a preliminary trade deal with the U.S. this week to avoid a jump in tariffs from 10% to 50%. However, there are some disagreements within the bloc, as some member countries will benefit more than others.

Markets seem optimistic about an EU deal and liked that the deadline was pushed back several weeks. However, a fair amount of uncertainty prevails.

That uncertainty factored into the RBA's decision to buck expectations and hold steady on rates. "While the final scope of US tariffs and policy responses in other countries remains unknown, financial market prices have rebounded with an expectation that the most extreme outcomes are likely to be avoided," according to the policy statement.

Fed rate cut expectations have been tempered since last week's release of better-than-expected U.S. jobs data for June. While easing is still likely to resume later in the year, 50 bps of cuts are no longer fully priced in for year-end.

NFIB Small Business Optimism Index slipped 0.2 points to 98.6 in June, versus 98.8 in May.

Small business optimism remained steady in June while uncertainty fell. Taxes remain the top issue on Main Street, but many others are still concerned about labor quality and high labor costs. – NFIB Chief Economist Bill Dunkelberg

GOLD

OVERNIGHT CHANGE THROUGH 6:00 AM CT: -$12.41 (-0.37%)
5-Day Change: -$11.52 (-0.35%)
YTD Range: $2,607.16 - $3,495.89
52-Week Range: $2,352.28 - $3,495.89
Weighted Alpha: +36.65

Gold edged below $3,300, weighed by optimism on trade, potential for a ceasefire in Gaza, and a firmer dollar. However, price action remains well contained within last week's range and the broader consolidative pattern.



Secondary support at $3,256.02 (30-Jun low) may be the short-term attraction. The 100-day moving average has risen to the $3,200 zone, providing good intervening support ahead of the range low at $3,127.12 (15-May low).

However, ongoing central bank and investor demand underpins the market. Global ETFs saw 26.1 tonnes of inflows in the week ended 27-Jun. North American investors continue to lead the charge, adding 13.8 tonnes to holdings.

 

According to the World Gold Council, collective ETF holdings rose 397 tonnes to 3,616 tonnes in the first six months of the year. Total AUM surged 41% to $383 bln in H1.

Meanwhile, central banks bought a net total of 427 tonnes of gold in the first half of 2025. While that's slower than the record 483 tonnes bought in H1'24, official sector demand remains robust, and a recent survey of central bankers suggests that will continue.

A rebound above the midpoint of the range at $3,311.51 would return focus to today's overseas high at $3,344.27. Penetration of the latter would bode well for tests above $3,400. However, the 16-Jun high at $3,449.14 must be cleared to put the record high at $3,500 back in play.


SILVER

OVERNIGHT CHANGE THROUGH 6:00 AM CT: +$0.037 (+0.10%)
5-Day Change: +$0.691 (+1.92%)
YTD Range: $28.565 - $37.288
52-Week Range: $26.524 - $37.288
Weighted Alpha: +24.23

Silver dropped back to the 20-day moving average, weighed by the retreat in gold and a firmer dollar. However, optimism on trade provides some underpinning, and price action has been confined to Monday's range thus far. The gold/silver ratio remains near recent lows, just above 90.



Yesterday's failure to sustain gains above $37 presents some risk of a double top, but the confirmation point for that pattern is well protected at $35.369 (24-Jun low). Intervening support is marked by Monday's low at $36.201, which is fairly close to the midpoint of the recent range.

A move back above today's overseas highs at $36.864 would favor further tests above $37. The more substantial  $37.198/288 zone must be negated to bolster confidence in previously established upside objectives at $38.750 (Fibonacci) and $40 (psychological).


Peter A. Grant
Vice President, Senior Metals Strategist
Zaner Metals LLC
312-549-9986 Direct/Text
[email protected]
www.zanermetals.com

Non-Reliance and Risk Disclosure: The opinions expressed here are for general information purposes only and should not be construed as trade recommendations, nor a solicitation of an offer to buy or sell any precious metals product. The material presented is based on information that we consider reliable, but we do not represent that it is accurate, complete, and/or up-to-date, and it should not be relied on as such. Opinions expressed are current as of the time of posting and only represent the views of the author and not those of Zaner Metals LLC unless otherwise expressly noted.

Gold eases as NFP beat spurs risk appetite

OUTSIDE MARKET DEVELOPMENTS: GOP House leadership worked through the night to whip support for President Trump's signature "big, beautiful bill." House minority leader Hakeem Jeffries has been holding the floor for hours in an effort to delay the vote, suggesting the votes are indeed there.

President Trump claimed last night that the "Republican House Majority is UNITED." Passage of the 1BBB would be a huge win for him. Trump is keen to sign the bill into law on Independence Day.

June jobs data suggest that the U.S. labor market remains robust. Nonfarm payrolls rose 147k, beating expectations of 113k. The unemployment rate unexpectedly dropped to 4.1% from 4.3% in May.

The resilience of the jobs market is suggestive of the underlying strength of the broader U.S. economy. The rest of today's economic data was pretty good as well, keeping risk appetite underpinned.

Rate cut expectations were trimmed in reaction. The probability of a July cut plunged to 4.7% following the NFP report, from 23.8% on Wednesday. Fed funds futures continue to suggest potential for 50 bps in easing by year-end.

Trade optimism was bolstered after President Trump announced a trade deal with Vietnam on Wednesday. Additionally, the U.S. and India are reportedly sprinting to get a deal done ahead of the July 9 deadline.

Nonfarm Payrolls rose 147k in June, above expectations of 113k, versus a revised 144k in May (was 139k). The unemployment rate fell to 4.1% from 4.2%. Hourly earnings rose 0.2% on expectations of +0.3%, versus +0.4% in May. The workweek ticked down to 34.2 hours.

Initial Jobless Claims fell by 4k to 233k in the week ended 28-Jun, below expectations of 240k, versus a revised  237k in the previous week (was 236k). Continuing claims were steady at 1,964k in the 21-Jun week.

Trade Deficit widened to -$71.5 bln in May, in line with expectations, versus a revised -$60.3 bln in April (was -$61.6 bln).

S&P Global Services PMI was revised down to 50.9 for May, from a preliminary print of 53.1, versus 53.7 in April.

Services ISM rose 0.9 points to 50.8 in June, in line with expectations, versus 49.9 in May. Prices moderated to 67.5 from 68.7 in May.

Factory Orders surged 8.2% in May, just above expectations of +8.1%, versus a revised -3.9% in April (was -3.7%). 


GOLD

OVERNIGHT CHANGE THROUGH 6:00 AM CT: -$4.07 (-0.12%)
5-Day Change: +$4.83 (+0.15%)
YTD Range: $2,607.16 - $3,495.89
52-Week Range: $2,352.28 - $3,495.89
Weighted Alpha: +39.22

Gold has retreated into the range after the NFP beat took a July rate cut off the table and spurred risk appetite. Yields and the dollar are higher, putting additional pressure on the yellow metal.



With the 1BBB seemingly on track for passage and heightened optimism on trade, risk-on sentiment seems likely to remain elevated into the week ahead. Diminished haven interest in gold may lead to renewed probes below $3,300, although the 50-day moving average is containing the downside thus far.

More substantial support is found at $3,256.02/51.28. The 100-day moving average will rise to the $3,200 zone next week, and provides an additional barrier ahead of the range low at $3,127.12.

Today's Asian high at $3,364.27 is now the important short-term resistance level. Penetration would put gold back above the 20-day MA and return confidence to the scenario that calls for renewed tests above $3,400. A breach of the 16-Jun high at $3,449.13 is needed to clear the way for a run at fresh record highs. 


SILVER

OVERNIGHT CHANGE THROUGH 6:00 AM CT: +$0.351 (+0.96%)
5-Day Change: +$0.102 (+0.28%)
YTD Range: $28.565 - $37.288
52-Week Range: $26.524 - $37.288
Weighted Alpha: +23.54

Silver probed back above $37 in overseas trading, favoring a retest of important resistance at $37.288/430. The white metal is outperforming today on trade optimism and some belief that passage of the 1BBB will further stimulate the U.S. economy.



Penetration of $37.288/430 would put silver at 14-year highs and boost confidence in the $38.750 Fibonacci objective. Beyond that, $40 attracts.

A drop in the gold/silver ratio below 90 would bode well for a return to the 88 level. At that point, even if gold remains in the recent range, silver could reach $40.

The post-NFP intraday low at $36.474 now marks first support and protects the more important $36.367/362 level, where the 20-day MA corresponds with the low for the day. Congestive support around $36, stands in front of Monday's low at $35.610. The short-term range low at $35.369 looks well protected at this point.


Peter A. Grant
Vice President, Senior Metals Strategist
Zaner Metals LLC
312-549-9986 Direct/Text
[email protected]
www.zanermetals.com

Non-Reliance and Risk Disclosure: The opinions expressed here are for general information purposes only and should not be construed as trade recommendations, nor a solicitation of an offer to buy or sell any precious metals product. The material presented is based on information that we consider reliable, but we do not represent that it is accurate, complete, and/or up-to-date, and it should not be relied on as such. Opinions expressed are current as of the time of posting and only represent the views of the author and not those of Zaner Metals LLC unless otherwise expressly noted.

Gold remains range-bound awaiting Thursday's jobs report

OUTSIDE MARKET DEVELOPMENTS: The House is slated to begin considering the Senate version of the 1BBB today. “Yeah, I’m not happy with what the Senate did to our product, but we understand this is the process. It goes back and forth, and we’ll be working to get all of our members to ‘yes,’” said Speaker of the House Mike Johnson.

Given the size and scope of the legislation, there is still a fair amount of uncertainty about the longer-term fiscal implications. The bill includes a $5 trillion increase to the debt ceiling, and let's be honest, there's never been a debt ceiling that we haven't reached and exceeded.

The ADP Survey showed private payrolls unexpectedly contracted in June, weighed by losses in the services sector. It was the first negative print since March 2023 and the biggest drop since the pandemic.

The ADP miss creates some downside risk for tomorrow's NFP report and has prompted an uptick in rate cut expectations. Potential for a 25 bps rate cut at this month's FOMC meeting edged up to 24.3% from 20.7% yesterday.

Tariff concerns are ratcheting higher ahead of next week's trade-deal deadline. President Trump maintains he will not extend the deadline, and deals have not been reached with a number of key trading partners. 

President Trump says that Israel has agreed to the terms of a 60-day ceasefire, and urged Hamas to do the same. “I hope, for the good of the Middle East, that Hamas takes this Deal, because it will not get better — IT WILL ONLY GET WORSE,” he said via TruthSocial.

MBA Mortgage Applications rose 2.7% in the week ended 27-Jun, versus +1.1% in the previous week. The 30-year mortgage rate fell to a 12-week low of 6.79%.

Challenger Layoffs fell 45.8k to 48.0k in June, versus 93.8k in May.

ADP Jobs Survey dropped 33k in June, below expectations of +110k, versus a downwardly revised +29k in May (was +37k). 


GOLD

OVERNIGHT CHANGE THROUGH 6:00 AM CT: +$5.91 (+0.18%)
5-Day Change: +$6.47 (+0.19%)
YTD Range: $2,607.16 - $3,495.89
52-Week Range: $2,327.87 - $3,495.89
Weighted Alpha: +39.55

Gold is modestly higher, underpinned by trade and fiscal worries that are weighing on risk appetite. A firmer dollar is limiting the upside as the trade awaits tomorrow's jobs report.



An NFP miss could further boost rate cut expectations, providing some lift for gold heading into the holiday weekend. While a July cut still seems unlikely, an indication of weakness in the labor market would likely put September in play.

At this point, the yellow metal remains entrenched in the well-defined range. Recent price action has straddled the midpoint of that range. Trading since the record high was established in late April still appears to be a continuation pattern within the long-term uptrend.

A push back above the 20-day moving average at $3,348.89 would favor short-term tests above $3,400. A breach of the 16-Jun high at $3,449.13 is needed to clear the way for a run at new record highs.

On the downside, Monday's low at $3,256.02 reinforced the significance of support at $3,251.28 (29-May low). The rising 100-day moving average should reach the $3,200 zone next week and help keep the range low at $3,127.12 at bay.


SILVER

OVERNIGHT CHANGE THROUGH 6:00 AM CT: +$0.287 (+0.80%)
5-Day Change: +$0.120 (+0.33%)
YTD Range: $28.565 - $37.288
52-Week Range: $26.524 - $37.288
Weighted Alpha: +21.82

Silver is probing back above the 20-day moving average, although more serious tests of the upside are unlikely until the NFP report comes out tomorrow. Today's uptick in the dollar is seen as limiting upside potential.



A breach of last week's high $36.759 would clear the way for another run at the $37.288/430 zone. A breach of the latter would lend credence to the bullish scenario that targets the $38.750 Fibonacci objective, with potential to $40.

Today's overseas low at $35.918 bolsters Tuesday's low at $35.823, providing some protection for Monday's low at $35.610. The short-term range low at $35.369 is currently well protected.


Peter A. Grant
Vice President, Senior Metals Strategist
Zaner Metals LLC
312-549-9986 Direct/Text
[email protected]
www.zanermetals.com

Non-Reliance and Risk Disclosure: The opinions expressed here are for general information purposes only and should not be construed as trade recommendations, nor a solicitation of an offer to buy or sell any precious metals product. The material presented is based on information that we consider reliable, but we do not represent that it is accurate, complete, and/or up-to-date, and it should not be relied on as such. Opinions expressed are current as of the time of posting and only represent the views of the author and not those of Zaner Metals LLC unless otherwise expressly noted.